Tiflis stamp
Viktor Gitin
This is the 2nd edition of a book about the history of the postal service in the Caucasus and the issue of the first rare postage stamp on the territory of the Russian Empire and Georgia in 1857. There are only a few copies of the Tiflis stamp. It is one of the rarest and most expensive stamps on the planet. The book will be useful to everyone who is interested in the history of Russia, Georgia, the Caucasus, collectors, philatelists.
Tiflis stamp
Viktor Gitin
© Viktor Gitin, 2021
ISBNВ 978-5-0055-9055-8
Created with Ridero smart publishing system
Tiflis stamp is an amazing journey of the extraordinary mark through the time, the country and people’s lives
What this book is about
The people’s fates are sometimes formed very surprisingly and even fantastically. The history of countries and peoples develops even in a more complicated and contradictory manner. And in this circulation of events, the small objects around us, sometimes become the most vivid reflection of the changes occurring in the world and in time.
Modest miniature – a postage stamp is the best confirmation of this idea. Each stamp is a reflection of the time and the state where it was born; of the events that preceded its appearance. A postage stamp is a witness of history, culture and life of countries and peoples. It is the connection of the past, present and future. A postage stamp is a small piece of the epoch, captured in a modest picture on the paper.
At postage stamps, just like among people, there are their ordinary toilers and beautiful princesses. It happened so since the first miniature was born in 1840. The toilers, pasted on envelopes and packages, daily and hourly serve the people. They silently help carry the news and documents over cities and countries. They provide us with proper and regular communication and help in our affairs. Stamps-princesses are unusual and very rare. They have an interesting and sometimes incredible destiny. Such stamps are called legends, rarities, unicums. They are in a special account. They have their own names. They are known around the globe, regardless of where they have appeared. The life of such stamps is studied and described in books and articles. They are carefully stored in the world’s most famous collections.
Any collector-philatelist knows such names as the “Penny Black”, “British Guiana 1¢ magenta”, “Mauritius “Post Office”, “Treskilling Yellow”, “Inverted Swan”, “Twelve Penny Black”, “Sachsen 3 Pfennige red” and “Hawaiian Missionaries”… These postage stamps appeared in different countries at different times. But they all have an amazing story.
There are its own unique stamps inВ Russia too. AВ special place is occupied byВ Tiflis city post stamp ofВ 1857.
Tiflis stamp (as it is already well established) was born on June 20, 1857. It happened six months earlier before the first nation-wide stamp ofВ the Russian Empire appeared. Its birth was due toВ the serious reforms that took place inВ Russia and inВ the Transcaucasia. Therefore, the fate ofВ the stamp, as well as the fate ofВ the Caucasus region, has been complicated and even dramatic. It so happened that the history ofВ two countries, Russia and Georgia, has intertwined inВ this stamp.
The birth ofВ the stamp is connected with the names ofВ many famous people ofВ that time. Later Tiflis stamp has been undeservedly forgotten. It has been nearly lost inВ the vortex ofВ revolutions and wars. Then it traveled over countries and continents. It is associated with unusual and sometimes detective and adventure events. And still it remained alive and survived toВ this day inВ several copies. And now the stamp ofВ Tiflis city post with good reason takes its rightful place inВ the history ofВ not only Russian and Georgian philately but also among the most outstanding exhibits ofВ world postal services. It is among the ten rarest and most expensive stamps inВ the world. Many collectors ofВ the planet dream aboutВ it.
This is what we have tried toВ tell you about inВ this book.
We have made an attempt toВ bring together the materials about Tiflis stamp published inВ different years. We have used the articles ofВ such authors as K.K.Schmidt, S. Kuzovkin, N.I.Nosilov, B.A.Kaminsky, A.Vigilev, V.Pritula, A. Kolesnikov, G.Andrieshin, E.Sashenkov and others. The book brings together the documents ofВ various years. InВ addition, there was added the information about people related toВ the fate ofВ the stamp, an administrative reorganization ofВ the Caucasus inВ the XIX century and the Heraldry ofВ Georgia. These are the articles of O.Revo, G.M.Zapalsky, S.O.Mustafaeva, V.M.Mukhanova, V.Saprykova, T.Belousova, L.Tretyakova, K.Saksa and others.
Any outstanding world philatelic rarity usually has a name. For the first time in 1929 S. Kuzovkin called the stamp of Tiflis city post the Tiflis Unica. The name stuck, and then was often repeated in subsequent publications. Therefore, in Russia this stamp is often known by the name – Tiflis Unica. But now when the fifth copy of the stamp was found in the vault of the National Postal Museum at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC in the collection of G.H.Kestlin, it is not quite right to continue to call the stamp Unica. Therefore, in this book we will use the term – Tiflis stamp.
And so – this book is about the amazing object, legend and rarity. This book is about the stamp, which Russia and Georgia can be proud of. It is about the stamp, which has been in the most famous and prominent collections in the world. It is about the stamp, which is now estimated at millions of US dollars.
This book is about Tiflis stamp and unusual destinies ofВ famous people, who at different times came into contact withВ it.
The author.
ChapterВ 1. Caucasian vicegerency
The administrative-territorial system
At the beginning ofВ the nineteenth century inВ the South Caucasus the interests ofВ the tree neighboring countries Persia (Iran), Russia and Turkey came into collision. The wars toВ possess these lands had been going on for aВ century and led toВ great changes inВ historical and political geography ofВ the region. At the beginning ofВ the nineteenth century, the following lands existed inВ the South Caucasus:
– Khanates: Derbent, Baku Sheki, Shemakha, Talysh, Ganja, Karabakh, Nakhichevan, Erivan;
– Kingdom of Imereti;
– Principalities: Mingrelian, Abkhazian, Gurian;
– Akhaltsikhe pashalik and others.
Having conquered these territories, Russian government made aВ lot ofВ administrative redistributions. The management ofВ Caucasus was constantly changed inВ accordance with the Russian Empire management. The lands ofВ khanates, sultanates and melikdoms were turned into administrative units, led byВ the military commandant from the Russian officers.
Failures inВ economic policy, as well as the national mutinies ofВ 30s forced the tsarist government toВ make changes inВ its colonial policy. On January 1, 1841, under the new law commandant management system was liquidated inВ the Caucasus. Transcaucasian region (with the exception ofВ Abkhazia, Mingrelia and Svaneti) is administratively divided into two parts: the western part called the Georgia-Imereti province and the eastern, which called the name ofВ Caspian region.
InВ 1844, at the Caucasus territories, which entered inВ the Russian Empire (including Georgian province, Armenian region, the Caspian region) the Caucasian vicegerency was established with the center inВ Tiflis. It included one province and two regions:
– Georgian-Imereti province (Tiflis) – later transformed into the Tiflis province;
– Armenian region (Erivan) – was transformed into the Erivan province June 9, 1849.
– The Caspian region (Shamakhi) – was transformed into Derbent (Derbent) and Shemakha province in 1846. On May 30, 1860, Derbent Province was abolished and Dagestan region (Derbent) and Jaro-Belokan (Zakatala) District were established. Shamakhi province was renamed into Baku province on December 2, 1859.
After the establishment ofВ the vicegerency at the vicegerent, the graph M.S.Vorontsov, another administrative reform ofВ the region was performed. The project toВ reorganize the Region submitted byВ him was approved byВ the decree ofВ the Russian Emperor on December 14, 1846. According toВ this law, all the South Caucasus was divided into four provinces: Kutaisi, Tiflis, Shamakhy and Derbent. InВ 1847, Derbent Province together with Tarkovsky and Shamkhalate Mehtulinsky Khanate formed aВ special administrative area called Caspian region. According toВ the document ofВ 1855В Caspian region consisted ofВ two parts: Derbent Province and the lands ofВ Northern and Upland Dagestan.В [1]
These administrative reforms aimed toВ strengthen the royal power inВ the Caucasus. InВ 1849В Erivan province was established. [2] Erivan province was formed from the parts ofВ the Tiflis and Shamakhi provinces. The lands, lying on the southern slope ofВ the Caucasus, from the Surami ridge toВ the Black Sea, were included into Kutaisi Governorate-General aВ few months after the end ofВ the Crimean War (August 16, 1856). Apart from Kutaisi province such autonomous possessions as Abkhazia, Samurzakan, Tsebelda, Svanetia and Mingrelia were included inВ the Kutaisi governorate-general.
Caucasus vicegerency is aВ special body ofВ administrative and territorial management inВ the Russian Empire. It was headed byВ the governor, who was appointed personally byВ the Russian emperor. The vicegerent reported only toВ the tsar and carried out full civil authority (other than the legislative). At the same time, he was aВ major military rank inВ the region. The Head ofВ the vicegerency, the vicegerent ofВ His Majesty inВ the Caucasus, possessed practically unlimited powers. He had the right toВ solve all the problems, which did not require publication ofВ new laws.
The map ofВ the Caucasus ofВ K. Koch, 1850.
He owned all rights to appoint the people, to displace and dismiss the officials and their responsibilities, to assign ranks, to reward, to grant their pensions (with the exception of officials of the State Control, the State Bank and the judiciary). Under the extreme circumstances, he could revoke the decision of the provincial and regional officials of the Caucasus region, that is, he supervised the governors, governors-general (both military and civilian). There was a consultative body at the vicegerent – the Board. It included two specially appointed by the Emperor individuals – representatives of the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Home Affairs. In addition to them there were the Chief Executive on land management and agriculture, senior chairman of the Tiflis Court of Justice and the Director of the vicegerent’s Office on the Board.
Caucasian vicegerent, vested with extensive powers, was the representative ofВ the supreme state power on the territories ofВ the region and coordinated the activities ofВ Russian ministries and departments, and partially performed the functions ofВ the judiciary.В [3]
It was this high status ofВ the vicegerent that allowed establishing aВ separate issue ofВ post stamps without the approval ofВ this decision inВ the capital ofВ the empire. The vicegerent was aВ competent deputy ofВ Russian Emperor inВ the Caucasus and obeyed only toВ him.
The main legal documents determining the activity of the Caucasian vicegerent, were: “Highly approved the rules on the relationship of the Caucasian vicegerent dated January 6, 1846”, “Imperial rescript, issued to the name of Adjutant General Count Vorontsov “On strengthening the rights of the chief superintendent over the civil part of the Caucasus” from January 30, 1845” and “On introduction of all the cases of the Transcaucasian region and the Caucasian region into the Caucasian Committee” from July 23, 1845.” [4,5,6]
Only those officials, who enjoyed the full personal confidence of Russian emperor, could be appointed to the position of the vicegerent. Therefore, Tsar Nicholas I appointed the graph M.S.Vorontsov the vicegerent of the Caucasus and the Commander-in-chief of a separate Caucasian Corps by the decree of November 17, 1844. Novorossiysk and Bessarabian Governorate-Generals were under his command too. The rescript of the appointment said: “I consider it necessary to choose a performer of my indispensable will the person, who will get all my unlimited trust and who will combine renowned military prowess with the experience of civil cases, which are very important…”
The vicegerent was awarded the power and the authorities of the Minister in relation to all branches of management in the region. The cases which exceed ministerial authority were settled by him himself, reporting them to the emperor, or they were brought to the Office of the Transcaucasian Region Committee. The cases on the rewards of the officials and the reports were presented directly to the emperor. Vicegerent Vorontsov asked for the impact of the Ministers on the cases of the region to be discontinued. Just the influence of the Minister of Finance on the cases “of audit and control of any accountability” was recognized.
The power of the vicegerent on the territory entrusted to him was much more comprehensive than the governor-general’s. By the end of 1846 the control management was established. It included the Council and the Office of the vicegerent. The Council consisted of the officials and the governors appointed by the Emperor. He carried out the oversight functions over the entire management and the court in the Region. The vicegerent of the Caucasus supervised the chiefs of gendarmerie and railways. Military governors governed military institutions as well as the civil ones. The Headquarters of the vicegerent performed the general guidance. Later there appeared the Expedition of State Property on the Rights of the ministerial department.
By 1859, the Headquarters of the vicegerent consisted of the five original “ministerial departments”: the department of general affairs (which was in charge of the personnel, post offices, construction, healthcare and educational affairs), judicial, financial, state property and control department. There was even a special diplomatic Chancellery.
Since 1867В the vicegerent ofВ the Caucasus was given even more extensive rights and powers, both inВ staffing the vicegerency and inВ managing the Region. Since that time Supreme supervision over the management ofВ the Caucasus and the Transcaucasian region has been concentrated inВ the General Directorate established at the vicegerent, headed byВ aВ Chief. All the institutions included inВ it reported directly toВ him.
InВ 1883В governorate-general inВ the Caucasus was canceled and restored again February 26, 1905. It lasted until March 1917.В [7]
V.F.Timm. The palace ofВ the Vicegerent inВ the Caucasus at Golovin Avenue inВ Tiflis, 1830.
Prince A. I. Baryatinsky – a vicegerent and a personality
InВ 1856, the vicegerent ofВ the Caucasus was appointed Prince Aleksander Ivanovich Baryatinsky. He continued and developed the reforms, begun byВ his predecessor graph Mikhail Vorontsov. Large-scale reforms ofВ the postal service inВ the Caucasus and the release ofВ the Tiflis stamp are associated with aВ name ofВ Baryatinsky. The personality ofВ the Vicegerent-Prince had special significance for these transformations.
It was an amazing man. Historically, he had very close relations with the Emperor Alexander II. Partly due to this relationship Baryatinsky could introduce his reforms and innovations in the Caucasus. A special place of the count at the imperial court, and his unusual nature allows you to answer the question – why the first stamp on the territory of the Russian empire appeared in Tiflis. He was an extraordinary man, capable not only of military deeds, but also of determined actions in relation to the royal power itself.
The painter M.A. Boleslavsky. Prince Alexander Baryatinsky inВ his young years
Prince Alexander Baryatinsky was of noble-birth, Riurikid in the fifteenth generation. He was born and grew up in an atmosphere of unprecedented luxury. Only very few people in Russia owned the fortune, which his father bequeathed to him. His father, Prince Ivan Baryatinsky, died when Alexander was 10 years old. At age 14, his mother – Maria Baryatinsky, took the teenager with her second son Vladimir to Moscow to “master the sciences.” But two years later, Alexander desired to join the military.
In June 1831, he moved to St. Petersburg, and he was admitted to the school of guard sergeants and cavalry cadets with further enrollment to the Chevalier Guards. There he immediately showed indiscipline and restlessness. The result was the “weak success in the sciences.” Negligence in the studies passed into negligence in the service. The disciplinary regiment book had many entries about his penalties for “the pranks” of all kinds. As a result, the young Alexander Baryatinsky got his fame as a reveller, a playboy, a participant of binge-drinking parties and scandals. His mother generously provided her son with financial help. But this money was often not enough to pay his gambling debts. Once a future famous Russian poet Alexander Pushkin and his friend Sergei Sobolewsky helped Baryatinsky to get out of such debt.
Tsar Nicholas I had heard about the unauthorized behavior of the young Prince, about his amorous adventures. Moreover, it became known about a love affair of Prince Alexander Baryatinsky with the emperor’s daughter – Grand Princess Olga Nikolaevna. Nicholas I was personally convinced that the relationship between them went beyond it was permitted. So, he sent the young Prince Baryatinsky away to the Caucasus.
In the spring of 1835 20-year-old Alexander Baryatinsky holding the rank of cornet of the Imperial Guard Cuirassier Tsarevitch Regiment, arrived in the area of military operations. There was a different life there. There was a war in the Caucasus, and it was impossible to hide behind the noble family or great wealth. Baryatinsky had to quickly forget about the capital pampering and idle talk. It was with youthful courage that Prince threw himself into the hottest battles. During the clashes with the mountaineers, he repeatedly received perforating gunshot wounds. His comrades-in-arms used to say that “Prince Baryatinsky’s belly was like a sieve.” His courage, endurance, and the ability to endure pain amazed a lot of people.
After he had received a heavy rifle bullet wound in his right side, Baryatinsky returned to St. Petersburg. He came to the capital from the Caucasus holding the rank of lieutenant; he was awarded by the honorary for the Russian Officers Golden Arms “for Bravery”. In 1836, after he had received the course of treatment, he was appointed to stay at His Majesty Successor Tsarevitch. Three years spent by him traveling with the heir over Western Europe, made them very close and initiated their long-lasting friendship with the future emperor Alexander II.
InВ March 1845, Alexander Baryatinsky, the owner ofВ the magnificent estate ofВ Marino and huge ancestral treasures, aВ handsome hero ofВ the Caucasian War, who became the adjutant ofВ His Imperial Highness inВ 1839, left the capital and came back toВ the Caucasus. That time he had the rank ofВ colonel.
In February 1847 he was appointed the commander of the same Kabardinsky regiment, where he felt very much at home due to the years he spent there fighting at war. There he was promoted to the rank of Fugel-adjutant, and in June 1848, when Prince displayed his courage and bravery at the Battle of Gergebil, he became a Major-General with enrollment in the retinue of His Imperial Majesty. At the same time, the Emperor Nicholas I unexpectedly decided to “load young Prince with favors”. The tsar had personally chosen him a bride from the Stolypin’s family and thought of a plan to marry them. According to Nicholas I, it was hard to find a better husband for the maid of honor. In this case a fabulous wealth of the Prince was of great importance.
But the marriage was not in the plans of Alexander Baryatinsky. For a while, he managed to evade the will of the emperor. But when the tsar’s wrath became extremely strong, the Prince made a step quite incredible for that time. Being the elder son, he was supposed to inherit the wealth from his father which he refused in favor of his younger brother. So, in an instant the richest man in Russia had turned into an ordinary soldier, living on the state salary. Nobody was happy with the poor bridegroom – neither Nicholas I, not the bride. The wedding was canceled. The Prince, himself was inwardly proud of his deed, and in a moment of candor once told a friend: “I have not succumbed to the emperor himself. And what an emperor!…”
However, it was only after the death of Nicholas I that the young Prince managed to become the first person in the Caucasus. The throne was occupied by his son Alexander II. The new emperor did not see “for the role of the Russian proconsul in the East” a more suitable person, except Baryatinsky. Therefore, in the summer of 1856 Baryatinsky was appointed the commander of the Separate Caucasian Corps, and from 1 July 1856 “performing the duties of Vicegerent”. In the August of the same year, he became the vicegerent of the Caucasus with further promotion into a general from infantry.
From this moment the deep reforms developed inВ the Caucasus. They could be put into life only byВ such aВ brave and educated man like Prince Alexander Baryatinsky. The powers ofВ the vicegerent and personal friendship with the Emperor ofВ Russia allowed him toВ carry out any initiative, regardless ofВ the Government officials. InВ addition toВ it there were legendary military deeds ofВ the Prince. Having totally conquered the Caucasus and captured the main enemy inВ the Caucasian War Imam Shamil, Baryatinsky became aВ field marshal at the age ofВ 44. It was the highest military rank he could get. But the adventures ofВ the Prince did not end there.
