Vadim Shmal "Railway transport business processes modeling. Textbook"

Railway transport business processes modeling. Textbook
Pavel Minakov

Olga Madyar

Vadim Shmal

Vadim Shmal Ph. D. Associate ProfessorRUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT (MIIT)Olga Madyar Ph. D. Associate ProfessorRUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT (MIIT)Pavel Minakov Ph. D. Associate ProfessorRUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT (MIIT)

Railway transport business processes modeling

Textbook

Vadim Shmal

Olga Madyar

Pavel Minakov

© Vadim Shmal, 2022

© Olga Madyar, 2022

© Pavel Minakov, 2022

ISBNВ 978-5-0059-2516-9

Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero

1В BUSINESS MODELS, THEIR DEVELOPMENT HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION

1.1В Business modeling development history

InВ the business modeling development history, there are four stages based on aВ conceptual approach toВ the organization management (Figure 1.1).

At the first stage ofВ business modeling development, the implementation ofВ large-scale projects inВ various activity fields began. There has been aВ change inВ the production conditions ofВ commercial and manufacturing companies, which has led toВ aВ number ofВ problems arising inВ the organization activities. The problem analysis revealed disadvantages inВ the work ofВ the organizational and technical system, which provides for the work ofВ personnel, equipment, software and ways ofВ their interaction.

Therefore, it was proposed to develop adequate ways of interconnecting the presented elements. The most well—known methodology is the structural analysis methodology and design of SADT systems, which was developed by Douglas Ross in 1973.

InВ the second stage, the development ofВ enterprises activities describing methods gained popularity, due toВ the widespread introduction ofВ personal computers and the development ofВ information systems. The most popular organization describing methodologies at this time are modeling using data flow diagrams ofВ various notations, developed byВ Jordan De Mark and Gainar-Sarson, information modeling byВ Chen Barker using entity-relationship diagrams, modeling ofВ business processes ofВ EPC notation, dynamic, functional analysis based on various types ofВ Petri nets and the creation ofВ aВ separate areas ofВ software using CASE technologies (Computer-Aided Software/System Engineering), which have the ability toВ automate the work ofВ software development specialists.

The third stage is characterized by the appearance of the first software products designed to solve organizational problems of enterprise management. During this period, the business environment is fundamentally changing, CASE tools are changing, which are no longer intended for automating processes, but for implementing a wide range of tasks of business analysis of enterprises’ activities. CASE models began to cover the full cycle of control system building (Figure 1.2).

A separate class of programs designed to solve management organizational issues and business modeling is being added – «BMS» (Business Modeling Software). The business model of this class includes a system of company goals, models of business processes and organizational structure of the company, as well as a reference book on the documents used. Business modeling during this period is inextricably linked with the" drawing development" of the organization, as the graphical representation allows you to make the company’s business model more transparent, accessible to the clients understanding, ready for regular analysis, management and further improvement.

The fourth stage is associated with the development of business modeling to a separate management methodology, which is called «business engineering». This methodology consists in analyzing and improving the company’s activities through the use of a process approach. A prerequisite for the success of the company is the availability of internal changes skills and their systematic application. Constant monitoring, analysis and continuous improvement of the company’s activities are among the main tasks of the new divisions.

1.2В The concepts ofВ В«business modelingВ» and В«business modelВ». Key elements and structural blocks ofВ business models

AВ business model includes aВ combination ofВ two concepts: aВ business and aВ model. AВ business is an economic or entrepreneurial activity aimed at making aВ profit systematically. AВ model inВ the usual sense is an abstract description ofВ an object inВ some form that differs from the form ofВ real execution. It follows from these concepts that aВ business model is an analytical, conceptual tool designed for the abstract description ofВ various types ofВ activities, the study ofВ aВ complex business system, aimed at making aВ profit and reflecting the logic ofВ the business.

The business model is used toВ describe the basic principles ofВ the creation, development and successful operation ofВ the organization. The details ofВ the business model are determined byВ the goals ofВ modeling and the accepted point ofВ view. Within the framework ofВ the business model, all objects, processes, rules for performing operations, the existing development strategy, as well as criteria for evaluating the effectiveness ofВ the system are displayed.

The process ofВ finding out or reproducing the properties ofВ complex business systems, using an abstract description inВ the form ofВ graphical components, mathematical equations, diagrams, plans, algorithms and programs is business modeling.

ToВ determine the essence ofВ the concept ofВ aВ business model, two approaches are identified.

The approach directed inside the enterprise implies considering the activities ofВ the enterprise from the point ofВ view ofВ business processes and technologies. The second approach involves focusing on the values ofВ customers for whom the company should create aВ favorable environment, and this approach is also aimed at the results ofВ the activities ofВ this enterprise.

ToВ date, there is no single point ofВ view and aВ single definition ofВ В«business modelВ».

To determine the content of an enterprise’s business model, several key factors are identified (Figure 1.3).

The concept of a business model is quite new. Schematically, Alexander Osterwalder was able to reflect it in 2004 in the form of a drawing according to which the company operates. In his opinion, the work of absolutely any company can be described in nine blocks. These blocks describe the scheme of the company’s work, its resources and main processes (Figures 1.4) [2].

As can be seen from the structure of the company’s work scheme, all the details of the company’s activities were covered by two approaches – inside the company and directly with external customers.

1.3В The main stages ofВ building aВ enterprise business model

Business modeling is an ambiguous process and it is never possible to accurately predict the demand for a company’s activities. It is possible to formulate an abstract business model of an enterprise by creating its template – a general scheme consisting of 9 blocks (Figure 1.5) reflecting the logic of the work of any company (Figure 1.6).

1 Block – Consumer segment (customers).

This block determines the consumer base ofВ the company, because the client is the heart ofВ the business model, from which the main blocks will be based. Consumer segments are divided into 6В categories, the difference ofВ which is due toВ differences inВ offers, requests and sales channels (Figure 1.7).

2 Block – Offer (provided value).

The offer block reflects aВ certain value for the segment ofВ consumers, which can be both quantitative and qualitative. The value ofВ the offer can be formed byВ the elements presented inВ FigureВ 1.8.

3 Block – Distribution channels (distribution channels)

Distribution channels have several phases and can be divided into direct, indirect, as well as own and partner. The stages ofВ product promotion toВ the consumer are shown inВ Figure 1.9. Product promotion channels may include all or some stages.

Block 4 – Customer Relations