Historical paradoxes. CollectionВ of scientific articles
Андрей Тихомиров
The Greek word “paradox” means “unexpected, strange”, from the point of view of history, this is an unexpected, unusual, divergent statement from the traditional point of view, which is confirmed by proven scientific research and is applicable to various historical incidents (cases). Various facts, events and processes are investigated on the basis of historical sources that provide scientific data.
Historical paradoxes
CollectionВ of scientific articles
Андрей Тихомиров
© Андрей Тихомиров, 2022
ISBNВ 978-5-0059-2797-2
Created with Ridero smart publishing system
1.В 2015В year ofВ theВ Goat
This year according to the Eastern calendar is considered the year of the Goat (Goat) or Sheep (Aries). The Chinese name is «I-wei», the Korean is «yl-mi», the Japanese is «kinoto-hitsuji», this is the 32nd number of the cyclic year, the cycle of 1984—2043, the element is a tree, the planet is Jupiter, the color is green (blue), the element, the planet, the color, as in 2014. These data are not taken from astrological tables (astrology is a pseudoscience that uses scientific data from astronomy, physiology, political science, psychology and other sciences, seasoning them with references to space objects), but from the scientific monograph «Calendar customs and rituals of the peoples of East Asia. New Year», published in the publishing house «Nauka» (Moscow, 1985)
Meanwhile, these animals (inВ many peoples, these animals, relatively similar toВ each other, merge into aВ kind ofВ community) are sacred, totemic toВ this day. And inВ ancient times they were deified. For example, Azael (Azazel) among the ancient Jews is the spirit ofВ the desert inВ the form ofВ aВ goat. On the Yom Kippur holiday, the priest transferred the sins ofВ all the people toВ the goat and released him into the desert toВ Azazel, hence the expression В«scapegoatВ».
It is characteristic that in Arabic fairy tales and folk legends Satan-Shaitan is endowed with other stable names and epithets, such as Azazil, al-marid (rebellious, rebellious), al-hannas (disappearing, retreating, at the mention of the name of Allah) and al-wasuas (instigating, tempting). The naming of Shaitan Azazil undoubtedly came from the Judeo-Christian tradition, where in the Bible Azazel (a variant of Azazil) is used only in the context of describing the ritual of the «day of atonement» (Yom Kippur). According to biblical beliefs, Azazel’s habitat was the desert. It is known that the desert in the minds of the peoples of the Near and Middle East is associated with the habitat of evil spirits. The meaning of the name Azazil (Azazil) can be translated as «a strong, powerful deity». Walpurgisnacht (Walpurgisnacht), – the night of the first of May is the night of witches who, riding on brooms, cats or goats, arrive at the witches’ abbey on the Bloksberg mountain in the Harz to dance with the devil.
A similar character to the devil in ancient Greek myths is pan, originally the god of flocks, the patron of shepherds, then of all nature (from Greek. pan – everything), was depicted as a man with goat horns, hooves and beard (i.e. he was a goat, a goat is a deified animal, now a curse, a tragedy – from Greek. «song of goats», possibly «combining» a goat with monkeys and other animals), it corresponds to the Roman Faun. According to myths, pan, accompanied by nymphs, wandered through the mountains, collected herds with the sounds of a pipe and songs, punished those who disturbed his peace, sending them unreasonable fear (hence the word «panic»).
The tragedy dates back to the primitive cult ritual dedicated to the god of fertility Dionysus, the tragedy arose from lyrical poetry or dithyrambs performed by a choir consisting of Dionysus’ companions – satyrs, who were called goats. Bes – in the ancient Egyptian religion, the god of fun and dancing. The word «devil» goes back to the ancient Greek «diabolos» – slanderer. The word is formed from the preposition «dia» – there and the verb «ballo» – I throw. The Greek «Satanas» is borrowed from the Hebrew «Satan» – the enemy, a similar term in Arabic is «Shaitan». The word «demon», which remained in the Russian language mainly as a designation of an insidious, evil person, comes from the ancient Greek «daimon» – god, spirit, evil spirit.
All these quite normal words in monotheistic religions (suddenly!) they became bad, denoting forces hostile to man, it is very easy to explain – these words denoted some deified forces from the period of polytheism, and polytheism opposed monotheism, therefore monotheistic religions in every possible way discredited the «divine» concepts of polytheism.
An interesting variant of the origin of the word «devil» (previously written «devil»), most likely from the words «devil», «draw», from the line that believers drew from «evil spirits». In Gogol’s novella «Viy», the philosopher drew a circle around himself so that no «evil force» could penetrate behind him. This idea goes back to ancient times, when man, like many animals today, marked his territory, and the penetration of other creatures for it was punishable by death. Satyrs, devils, and other representatives of the «evil forces» are someone other than people disguised in animal skins, including sheep, goats, wolves (shamans, werewolves). They threw off these skins and «became» people again. The then emerging human thinking perceived this as a kind of magical action (as modern children perceive Santa Claus, Snow Maiden, etc.), later under Christianity it became a bad demonic phenomenon and was persecuted.
No fluff, no feather – that is, nothing, but in the modern context it means wishing good luck, in ancient times it was a kind of deception of forest and water spirits necessary for successful hunting or fishing, the answer was also a deception – «to hell with it!», spirits lose vigilance, because they decide that the hunter after such a wish, nothing will be obtained – neither an animal nor a bird. «Good riddance!», initially it was the opposite of a greeting, when a kind of tablecloth – path was spread out for the greeter.
Researchers suggest that the toponym Sakmara (the area of the Southern Urals – Volga) has an Iranian-speaking origin, that is, it belongs to the Savromato-Sarmatian tribes. In this regard, the close toponym Samara gives a hint – the left-bank tributary of the Volga, whose upper reaches are 40 km from the confluence of the Urals and Sakmara. There are also rivers with the name Samara in the basins of the Don and Dnieper, as well as on the border of steppe and forest-steppe landscapes. Of the numerous versions about the origin of the toponym Sakmara, there is also one: translated from the Iranian languages, it means «sheep river» («shu» -«sheep», «mara» -«big river»). Apparently, during seasonal migrations from south to north, herds of nomadic sheep were concentrated on the banks of these rivers. Here they found excellent pastures and watering places, good conditions for lambing sheep and raising young animals.
Interesting comparisons can be made with the ancient Egyptian supreme deity Amon-Ra, who was the sun god, depicted as a calf or a ram, because in Latin (ancient Indo-European language, in German Indogermanen – Indogermans) aries – «aries, ram».
The rituals ofВ veneration ofВ Tengri Khan (God the Father) inВ the steppes ofВ the Urals-Altai were quite strict and complex, prayers were long and cleansing the soul. They, too, inВ many ways resembled the religious traditions ofВ the East. For example, water baptism, which looked like aВ complete triple immersion, and aВ religious meal were mandatory. The Epiphany was considered the biggest holiday.
The holiday fell on December 25, when, after the winter solstice, the day begins to arrive and the Man-heaven – Tengri Khan – went out into the world (originally Christmas was celebrated as a triple feast of baptism, birth, epiphany.). On this day, it was supposed to bring Christmas trees to the house – a message from the more ancient god Yer-su, who was worshipped by the Altai peoples about three thousand years ago, long before meeting Tengri Khan. The Asian peoples brought the custom of honoring spruce to Eastern and Central Europe, where they were thrown by the wave of the Great Migration of Peoples.
In the valleys of the Danube, Dnieper, Don, Volga, this holiday has certainly existed since the time of Attila. In Western Europe, it began to be celebrated in this form only in the XIX century. It should be remembered that the Slavs and Romans considered oak a sacred tree, the Finns – birch, the Greeks – olive, and the southern Germans – spruce. The first mention of a Christmas tree is found in the Alsatian chronicles of 1500. The decoration of Christmas trees for the New Year in Russia was banned during World War I by the tsarist government, as it was supposedly a German custom, in fact it dates back to the ancient times of the veneration of evergreens and trees.
In the Avestan (Zoroastrian) teaching about the end of the world – Frashkard, very reminiscent of the Apocalypse, sheep (rams) are mentioned: «Who was righteous and who was sinful – everyone will rise in the place where he met his death. The sun will shine with renewed vigor, half of its radiance will go to Gaia Martan, and half to the rest of humanity. The bodies and souls of the resurrected recognize each other. The husband recognizes the wife, the children of the parents, and the relatives of each other. And those who were lonely in a previous life will now find their family.» So, everyone – both the righteous and sinners – will rise again and rejoice, having regained their lost loved ones. And then a Sadvastaran meeting will take place, and their good and evil thoughts, speeches and deeds will be demonstrated to everyone. And sinners will look there like a white sheep among the blacks…» (speaking in Russian, like a white crow). And Jesus Christ is the lamb of God, and the lamb is a lamb (baby sheep), the firstborn in the flock, which was used as a sacrificial animal.
Arias, hence the name «Iran» from «Arians», aries from Latin – a ram, aries, a totemic animal of the ancient Indo-Europeans. Arkaim is represented by a giant wheel with a diameter of 180 meters with two circles of powerful walls: external and internal.
Especially impressive is the five-meter-thick outer wall, built of soil and having an internal gallery. On the outside, a deep ditch was dug around the wall. The inner moat is covered with a log flooring, possibly representing a storm sewer. Dwellings were located from the walls towards the central square. These houses were quite large: up to 20 meters long and more than 6 meters wide, where, according to experts, up to 50 people could be accommodated. In each house there were hearths, wells, pits for storing food, rooms for individual families. The floor was covered with a solid layer of lime mortar. In total, the settlement could accommodate up to two and a half thousand people. The inhabitants had a lot of cattle, especially horses – slender, thin-legged, fast, harnessed to war chariots, these ancient «tanks» of the Eurasian steppes. The production of bronze products has reached a high degree of perfection. It is believed that they diverged from here to very remote places. Most scientists believe that these are ancient Aryans, Indo-Aryans, that is, the peoples of the Iranian group of languages.
Magi or magicians were called Persian (Zoroastrian) priests. «When Jesus was born in Bethlehem in the days of King Herod, the magi came to Jerusalem from the east,» says the Gospel of Matthew. From the east – from Parthia (Iran), where the main religion at that time was Zoroastrianism. They carried out a sacred mission, seeking to expand the influence of their religion among the Jews to fight against Rome.
It is believed that by offering gold, frankincense and myrrh to the newborn Jesus, the magi honored him as a king, high priest and sacrifice. But the same gifts symbolize the three dominant castes of Zoroastrian society and three types of varna (in Sanskrit, «Varna» – letters – «quality», «color», the four main classes in Ancient India, the dominant position in society was occupied by Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, the Sudras were a caste of inferior, dependent people). Similarly, in Zoroastrianism, the hvarna of the priest, the hvarna of the ruler and the hvarna of the warrior stood out. The symbol of royal charisma is gold, priestly – frankincense, military – myrrh, because warriors sacrifice themselves in the name of peace.
At that time, various dualistic religious teachings were spread inВ Parthia (Iran), considering the world as aВ struggle between the good principle led byВ the god Ormazd and his spirits and the evil principle led byВ the god Ahriman and his demons (devas). These teachings associated with the name ofВ Zarathustra have not yet received final formalization. Later they received aВ dogmatic form inВ the Avesta books recognized as sacred and inВ this form became known as Zoroastrianism. The religion ofВ Mithraism (the god Mithra) is also connected with Iran, which inВ the first centuries ofВ the existence ofВ Christianity was aВ serious competitor toВ it. Myths, the appearance ofВ Mithras himself, the cult ofВ Mithraism largely coincides with mythology, the cult ofВ Christianity. Suffice it toВ say that the birth ofВ the god Mithras was widely celebrated inВ the Roman Empire on DecemberВ 25.
Initially, Christmas was celebrated on January 6, along with epiphany and epiphany, only in the IV century, when Christianity became the dominant religion in Rome, it was postponed to December 25 to displace the cult of Mithras. Syncretism was characteristic of the top of Parthian society, expressed in the fusion of local and Hellenic gods. In general, the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia (247 BC – 224 AD) was distinguished by broad religious tolerance, unlike the later Sassanid dynasty, who were zealous advocates of pure Zoroastrianism. In the I century A.D. Zoroastrianism is being reformed in Parthia, ancient texts are being collected, and one of the oldest editions of the Avesta is being created. During its greatest heyday, the Parthian Kingdom stretched from Babylonia through Iran to the Indus Valley. The Parthian kingdom ceased to exist around 224, when the Sassanid state emerged.
So sheep, rams are our closest animals, helping people at all times.
2.В 1945В chronicle
JanuaryВ 1945
On January 6, the Supreme Commander ofВ the USSR, Stalin, receives aВ letter from British Prime Minister Churchill with aВ request toВ accelerate the start ofВ the Soviet offensive, since the allies (Anglo-American troops faced the threat ofВ aВ second Dunkirk, that is, encirclement, as inВ 1940) were inВ aВ difficult situation inВ the Ardennes. Therefore, despite the bad weather, on January 12, instead ofВ the planned January 20, aВ major winter offensive ofВ Soviet troops begins inВ East Prussia, Western Poland and Silesia, called the Vistula-Oder offensive operation ofВ the Red Army. Already on January 17, as aВ result ofВ the Warsaw-Poznan operation, the troops ofВ the 1st Belorussian Front, together with the 1st Army ofВ the Polish Army, liberated Warsaw, and on January 18, Soviet troops entered Silesia on the territory ofВ Germany. On January 19, the troops ofВ the 2nd Belorussian Front entered the territory ofВ East Prussia, and the troops ofВ the 1st Belorussian Front liberated the city ofВ Lodz inВ Poland.
On January 20, an armistice agreement was signed inВ Moscow between the USSR, the United States and Great Britain on the one hand and German ally Hungary on the other. Hungary capitulated.
January 23 – forced retreat of German troops. Elimination of the Ardennes «salient» on the western front.
On January 26, the Decree ofВ the Presidium ofВ the Supreme Soviet ofВ the USSR on awarding Leningrad with the Order ofВ Lenin was published.
On January 27, the Auschwitz concentration camp was liberated byВ Soviet troops. There were less than 3В thousand people alive there, and, according toВ various sources, from 1.5В toВ 4В million people died inВ it.
On January 30, the Soviet submarine S-13В under the command ofВ A.I.В Marinesko sank the fascist liner Wilhelm Gustlov, on board ofВ which there were more than 8В thousand Nazis.
On January 31, the vanguard ofВ the 5th Shock Army crossed the Oder and captured the town ofВ Kinitz. The appearance ofВ Soviet troops here, 70В kilometers from Berlin, turned out toВ be aВ complete surprise for the Germans. But the further advance ofВ the troops toВ Berlin was prevented byВ the threat ofВ their encirclement byВ the Germans. Meanwhile, the Western allies are conducting separate negotiations with the Nazis inВ Bern (Switzerland), seeking toВ find aВ compromise with them.
Workers drop aВ sign installed byВ Fascist occupiers at the Kramatorsk plant inВ Donbass
FebruaryВ 1945
Finally surrounded by a group of Nazis in the area of Konigsberg. On February 4—11, the Yalta (Crimean) Conference of the heads of government of the three Allied powers took place: I.V. Stalin (USSR), F.D. Roosevelt (USA) and W. Churchill (England). Joint military plans were determined, as well as the post-war structure of Europe. The USSR agreed to enter the war against Japan 2—3 months after the end of the war in Europe.
The troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front during the Lower Silesian operation advanced more than 100 km and captured one of the most important military-industrial areas – Lower Silesia and reached the line along the Neisse River to complete the strike in the Berlin direction. Fierce fighting in the area of Breslau (Wroclaw). The East Pomeranian operation began, during which they captured Eastern Pomerania and the Baltic coast from Danzig (Gdansk) to the Pomeranian Bay. On February 13, Budapest was liberated by Soviet troops after repelling a German counteroffensive near Lake Balaton.
On February 18, during the completion ofВ the Western Carpathian military operation, the troops ofВ the 4th and 2nd Ukrainian fronts defeated 17В divisions and one brigade ofВ fascists and liberated most ofВ Slovakia and the southern regions ofВ Poland. On February 19, the Allies broke through the German В«Western WallВ» on the Luxembourg border, and the Americans landed on the Japanese island ofВ Iwo Jima.
On February 26—27, the deputy commander of the Bandera Ukrainian Insurgent army (UPA) Mayevsky and other leaders of the Bandera met with the Soviet representative to negotiate the conditions for ending the armed struggle.
MarchВ 1945
On March 4, Finland declared war on Germany. After aВ month-long siege and fierce street battles with the Japanese, the Americans captured Manila (Philippines).
On March 5, conscripts born inВ 1929, that is, 16-year-olds, begin toВ be recruited into the German army.
On March 6, the Balaton defensive operation ofВ the Red Army began, the troops ofВ the 3rd Ukrainian Front, reflecting the counteroffensive ofВ German troops, began toВ defend inВ the area ofВ Lake Balaton inВ Hungary. lasting until MarchВ 15.
On March 9, 84,000В Tokyo civilians were killed during the American bombing.
On March 16, the Vienna offensive operation ofВ the troops ofВ the 3rd Ukrainian Front began, the operation lasted until AprilВ 15.
On March 25, Allied troops crossed the Rhine. The troops ofВ the 2nd Ukrainian Front launched the Bratislava-Brno offensive operation inВ Czechoslovakia, it lasted until May 5. Fierce fighting continues inВ the Baltic States, the 3rd Belorussian Front has carried out three military operations against enemy troops inВ East Prussia.
On March 30, during fierce fighting, Soviet troops took Danzig (now Gdansk inВ Poland).
AprilВ 1945
On April 1, the completion ofВ the liquidation byВ the troops ofВ the 1st Ukrainian Front after aВ long siege ofВ the encircled garrison ofВ the Nazis and the occupation ofВ the fortress city ofВ Glogau on the Oder River.
On April 4, the Allies surrounded 21В German divisions inВ the В«Ruhr pocketВ». Soviet troops took Bratislava, the capital ofВ Slovakia. The completion byВ the troops ofВ the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts ofВ the liberation from the German invaders ofВ the entire territory ofВ Hungary.
On April 5, the USSR denounced the non-aggression pact with Japan.
On April 6, Soviet troops reached the outskirts ofВ Vienna.
On April 9, the four-day operation toВ capture Konigsberg ended, the garrison capitulated.
April 11В death ofВ Roosevelt. He was succeeded as President ofВ the United States byВ G. Truman.
On April 13, Soviet troops took Vienna, the capital ofВ Austria.
On April 16, the Berlin operation began with the troops ofВ the 1st and 2nd Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts.
On April 18, British Prime Minister Churchill sent troops under Montgomery toВ Lubeck toВ prevent the occupation ofВ Denmark byВ Soviet troops. Soviet troops broke through all three defensive lines on the outskirts ofВ Berlin.
On April 25, the UN Constituent Assembly inВ San Francisco with the participation ofВ representatives ofВ 46В states. Adoption ofВ the UN Charter. The troops ofВ the 1st Ukrainian Front crossed the Elbe and met with American troops near the city ofВ Torgau. Soviet troops completed the encirclement ofВ Berlin.
On April 28, Italian partisans executed Mussolini.
April 29В the surrender ofВ German troops inВ Italy.
April 30, Hitler’s suicide. Grand Admiral Doenitz replaced Hitler as head of the German state. Occupation by Soviet troops of the Reichstag building in Berlin, on which the Victory Banner is hoisted!
MayВ 1945
On May 1, Order No. 20В ofВ the Supreme Commander-in-ChiefВ I.V.В Stalin was issued inВ connection with the celebration ofВ May 1. Soviet troops took the city ofВ Brandenburg.
On May 2, the capture ofВ Berlin byВ the troops ofВ the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts was completed.
On May 3, the anti-fascist uprising began inВ Prague.
On May 4, the German troops completely stopped fighting against the Anglo-American troops and continued their desperate resistance toВ the Soviet offensive.
On May 5, the occupation of the German naval base – the port city of Svinemunde by the troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front.
On May 6, the occupation ofВ the fortress city ofВ Breslau byВ the troops ofВ the 1st Ukrainian Front.
On May 7, the troops ofВ the 1st Belorussian Front left for the Elbe River.
On May 8, the signing took place byВ representatives ofВ the German High Command inВ Karlhorst (aВ suburb ofВ Berlin) the act ofВ unconditional surrender ofВ the German armed forces. Celebration ofВ Victory Day inВ Europe. Decree ofВ the Presidium ofВ the Supreme Soviet ofВ the USSR declaring May 9В aВ Victory Day. Occupation byВ the troops ofВ the 1st Ukrainian Front ofВ the city ofВ Dresden. The cessation ofВ resistance byВ the Kurland grouping ofВ German troops, surrounded off the coast between the cities ofВ Tukums and Libava. Liberation ofВ the city ofВ Olomouc.
