Brown K. Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013; Josephson P. R. Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002; Scott J. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. Пер. на рус.: Скотт Дж. Благими намерениями государства. М.: Университетская книга, 2005.
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Л. А. Потемкин приводит много примеров такого описания, см.: Потемкин Л. А. У северной границы: Печенга советская. Мурманск: Мурманское книжное издательство, 1965; Он же. Охрана недр и окружающей природы. М.: Недра, 1977.
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Josephson P. et al. An Environmental History of Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. P. 2; Brain S. The Environmental History of the Soviet Union // A Companion to Global Environmental History/ Ed. by J. R. McNeill, E. S. Maudlin. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. P. 225.
29
Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices / Ed. by D. Hoffmann, Y. Kotsonis. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.
30
Stuhl A. Empires on Ice: Science, Nature, and the Making of the Arctic. PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013. P. 4. См. также: Stuhl A. The Politics of the «New North»: Putting History and Geography at Stake in Arctic Futures // The Polar Journal. 2013. Vol. 3. № 1. P. 94–119.
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Emmerson Ch. The Future History of the Arctic. New York: Public Affairs 2010. Экологические историки Арктики обычно более осторожны в оценках, см.: McCannon J. Red Arctic: Polar Exploration and the Myth of the North in the Soviet Union 1932–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998; Narrating the Arctic: A Cultural History of Nordic Scientific Practices / Ed. by M. Bravo and S. S?rlin. Canton, MA: Scientific History Publications, 2002; Cultivating Arctic Landscapes: Knowing and Managing Animals in the Circumpolar North / Ed. by D. G. Anderson and M. Nuttall. New York: Berghahn Books, 2004; Piper L., Sandlos J. A Broken Frontier: Ecological Imperialism in the Canadian North // Environmental History. 2007. Vol. 12. № 4. P. 759–795; Bocking S. Science and Spaces in the Northern Environment // Environmental History. 2007. Vol. 12. № 4. P. 867–894; Piper L. The Industrial Transformation of Subarctic Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2009; McCannon J. A History of the Arctic: Nature, Exploration, and Exploitation. London: Reaktion Books, 2012; Northscapes: History, Technology, and the Making of Northern Environments / Ed. by D. J?rgensen, S. S?rlin. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2013.
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Печать Заполярья // Полярная правда. 1938. 5 мая. С. 3.
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Steffen W., Crutzen P. J., McNeill J. R. The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature? // Ambio. 2007. Vol. 36. № 8. P. 614–621; Chakrabarty D. The Climate of History: Four Theses // Critical Inquiry. 2009. Vol. 35. № 2. P. 197–222. Пер. на рус.: Чакрабарти Д. Климат истории: четыре тезиса // Чакрабарти Д. Об антропоцене. М.: V-A-C press, Artguide Editions, 2020. С. 9–75.
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Экоцид – термин, введенный в употребление в ходе войны США с Вьетнамом, описывает массовое уничтожение растительного или животного мира, отравление атмосферы или водных ресурсов, а также совершение иных действий, способных вызвать экологическую катастрофу. – Прим. ред.
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Komarov B. [Ze’ ev Vol’fson]. The Destruction of Nature in the Soviet Union. White Plains: M. E. Sharpe, 1980; Комаров Б. Уничтожение природы. Обострение экологического кризиса в СССР. Франкфурт-на-Майне: Посев, 1978; DeBardeleben J. The Environment and Marxism-Leninism: The Soviet and East German Experience. Boulder: Westview Press, 1985; Feshbach M., Friendly A. Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature Under Siege. New York: Basic Books, 1992; Peterson D. J. Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993; Feshbach M. Ecological Disaster: Cleaning Up the Hidden Legacy of the Soviet Regime. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1995.
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Goldman M. I. The Spoils of Progress: Environmental Pollution in the Soviet Union. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1972; Ziegler Ch. E. Environmental Policy in the USSR. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987; Pryde Ph. R. Environmental Management in the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991; ?hlander A-M.S. Environmental Problems in the Shortage Economy: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Policy. Brookfield: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1994; Mirovitskaya N., Soroos M. S. Socialism and the Tragedy of the Commons: Reflections on Environmental Practice in the Soviet Union // The Journal of Environmental Development. 1995. Vol. 4. № 1. P. 77–110; Oldfield J. D. Russian Nature: Exploring the Environmental Consequences of Societal Change. Burlington: Ashgate, 2005.
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Josephson P. R. Industrialized Nature; Idem. Would Trotsky Wear a Bluetooth: Technological Utopianism Under Socialism. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. P. 193–231. Исследование послевоенных советских городов, проведенное Дональдом Фильцером, показывает серьезность проблемы загрязнения рек в 1940?е годы, см.: Filtzer D. The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 1943–1953. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 105–126. Пер. на рус.: Фильцер Д. Опасности городской жизни в СССР в период позднего сталинизма. Здоровье, гигиена и условия жизни. 1943–1953. М.: РОССПЭН, 2018.
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Приоритет развития промышленности, постулируемый марксизмом. – Прим. ред.
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Josephson P. R. The Conquest of the Russian Arctic. P. 6, 11. См. также: Idem. Technology and the Conquest of the Soviet Arctic // The Russian Review. 2011. Vol. 70. № 3. P. 419–439.
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Weiner D. Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation, and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988. Пер. на рус.: Вайнер Д. Модели природы: экология, охрана природы и культурная революция в советской России. М.: ИНИОН АН СССР, 1990; Weiner D. A Little Corner of Freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. О советской и постсоветской охране природы и экологическом активизме см.: Pryde Ph. Conservation in the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972; Yanitsky O. Russian Environmentalism: Leading Figures, Facts, Opinions. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniia Publishing House, 1993. Яницкий О. Н. Русское движение в защиту окружающей среды: лидеры, факты, высказывания. М.: Международные отношения, 1993; Shtilmark F. History of the Russian Zapovedniks, 1895–1995 / Trans. by G. H. Harper. Edinburgh: Russian Nature Press, 2003. На рус. яз. см.: Штильмарк Ф. Заповедное дело России. Теория, практика, история. М.: Изд. КМК, 2014; Henry L. A. Red to Green: Environmental Activism in Post-Soviet Russia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010.
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Brain S. Song of the Forest: Russian Forestry and Stalinist Environmentalism, 1905–1953. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011; Bonhomme B. Forests, Peasants, and Revolutionaries: Forest Conservation and Organization in Soviet Russia, 1917–1929. Boulder: East European Monographs, 2005.
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Этот краткий историографический обзор не охватывает все работы и не включает исследования, посвященные досоветской эпохе. См. также работы в специальном выпуске The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. 2013. Vol. 40. № 2 (Ed. by L. Coumel, M. Elie); The Slavonic and East European Review. 2015. Vol. 93. № 1 (Ed. by J. Oldfield, J. Lajus, D. J. B. Shaw). Также см. мой обзор историографии экологической истории России в: Bruno A. Russian Environmental History: Directions and Potentials // Kritika. 2007. Vol. 8. № 3. P. 635–650. Более свежие обзоры включают в себя работы: Bonhomme B. Writing the Environmental History of the World’s Largest State: Four Decades of Scholarship on Russia and the USSR // Global Environment. 2013. № 12. P. 12–37; Dills R. Forest and Grassland: Recent Trends in Russian Environmental History // Global Environment. 2013. № 12. P. 38–61. Также см.: Человек и природа: экологическая история / Ред. Д. Александров, Ф.?Й. Брюггемайер, Ю. Лайус. СПб.: Алетейя, 2008. Более современный обзор см.: Lajus J. Russian Environmental History: A Historiographical Review // The Great Convergence: Environmental Histories of BRICS / Ed. by S. R. Rajan, L. Sedrez. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. P. 245–273.
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Lajus J. Controversial Perceptions of Arctic Warming in the 1930s in the Context of Soviet-Western Contacts in Environmental Science (paper presented at the National Convention of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies in Washington, DC, November 2011); Shaw D. J.B., Oldfield J. D. Totalitarianism and Geography: L. S. Berg and the Defence of an Academic Discipline in the Age of Stalin // Political Geography. 2008. Vol. 27. № 1. P. 96–112; Chu P.?Y. Mapping Permafrost Country: Creating an Environmental Object in the Soviet Union, 1920s–1940s // Environmental History. 2015. Vol. 20. № 3. P. 396–421.
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Cameron S. I. The Hungry Steppe: Soviet Kazakhstan and the Kazakh Famine, 1921–1934. PhD diss., Yale University, 2010. Cameron S. I. The Hungry Steppe. Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018. Пер. на рус.: Камерон С. Голодная степь. Голод, насилие и создание Советского Казахстана. М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2020; Bruno A. Tumbling Snow: Vulnerability to Avalanches in the Soviet North // Environmental History. 2013. Vol. 18. № 4. P. 683–709; Elie M. Coping with the «Black Dragon»: Mudflow Hazards and the Controversy over the Medeo Dam in Kazakhstan, 1958–66 // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2013. Vol. 14. № 2. P. 313–342; Brown K. Plutopia.
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Dawson J. Eco-nationalism: Anti-Nuclear Activism and National Identity in Russia, Lithuania, and Ukraine. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996; Schwartz K. Z. S. Nature and National Identity after Communism: Globalizing the Ethnoscape. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006; Metzo K. The Formation of Tunka National Park: Revitalization and Autonomy in Late Socialism // Slavic Review. 2009. Vol. 68. № 1. P. 50–69.
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Other Animals: Beyond the Human in Russian Culture and History / Ed. by J. Costlow, A. Nelson. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010; Ice and Snow in the Cold War: Histories of Extreme Climatic Environments / Ed. by J. Herzberg, Ch. Kehrt, F. Torma. N. Y.; Oxford: Berghahn, 2019.
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Dronin N. M., Bellinger E. G. Climate Dependence and Food Problems in Russia 1900–1990. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2005; Dronin N. M., Kirilenko A. P. Weathering the Soviet Countryside: The Impact of Climate and Agricultural Policies on Russian Grain Yields, 1958–2010 // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. 2013. Vol. 40. № 1. P. 115–143; Mincyte D. Everyday Environmentalism; Leigh Smith J. Works in Progress: Plans and Realities on Soviet Farms, 1930–1963. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014. Об экологической истории в связи с историей сельского хозяйства до революции см.: Moon D. The Plough that Broke the Steppes: Agriculture and Environment on Russia’s Grasslands, 1700–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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Peterson M. K. Technologies of Rule: Water, Power, and the Modernization of Central Asia, 1867–1941. PhD diss., Harvard University, 2011. Peterson M. K. Pipe Dreams: Water and Empire in Central Asia’s Aral Sea Basin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019; Gestwa K. Die Stalinschen Grossbauten des Kommunismus: Sowjetische Technik- und Umweltgeschichte, 1948–1967. Munich: Oldenbourg, 2010; Zeisler-Vralsted D. The Cultural and Hydrological Development of the Mississippi and Volga Rivers // Rivers in History: Perspectives on Waterways in Europe and North America / Ed. by Ch. Mauch, Th. Zeller. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008; Zeisler-Vralsted D. Rivers, Memory, and Nation-building: A History of the Volga and Mississippi Rivers. Oxford; NY: Berghan Books, 2014; Obertreis J. Soviet Irrigation Policies under Fire. Ecological Critique in Central Asia, 1970s–1991 // Eurasian Environments. Nature and Ecology in Imperial Russia and Soviet History / Ed. by N. B. Breyfogle. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018. P. 113–129; Teichmann Ch. Canals, Cotton, and the Limits of De-Colonization in Soviet Uzbekistan, 1924–1941 // Central Asian Survey. 2007. Vol. 26. № 4. P. 499–519; Breyfogle N. B. At the Watershed: 1958 and the Beginnings of Lake Baikal Environmentalism // The Slavonic and East European Review. 2015. Vol. 93. № 1. P. 147–180.
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О важности соединения подходов социальной и экологической истории см.: Mosley S. Common Ground: Integrating Social and Environmental History // Journal of Social History. 2006. Vol. 39. № 3. P. 915–935; Taylor A. Unnatural Inequalities: Social and Environmental Histories // Environmental History. 1996. Vol. 1. № 4. P. 6–19. Исследователи экологической истории СССР сделали лишь первые попытки в этом направлении, см., в частности, мою работу: Bruno A. Industrial Life in a Limiting Landscape: An Environmental Interpretation of Stalinist Social Conditions in the Far North // International Review of Social History. 2010. Vol. 55. № 18. P. 153–174. Также см.: Brown K. Plutopia.
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Шейла Фицпатрик предлагает довольно четкую формулировку этого тезиса, в то время как Питер Холквист и Дональд Ралейх высказали альтернативные точки зрения, см.: Fitzpatrick Sh. The Legacy of the Civil War // Party, State, and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History / Ed. by. D. P. Koenker, W. G. Rosenberg, and R. G. Suny. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. P. 385–398; Holquist P. Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002; Raleigh D. Experiencing Russia’s Civil War: Politics, Society, and Revolutionary Culture in Saratov, 1917–1922. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
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