Оксана Вячеславовна Иванова "30 Must-Read Books for Psychologists"

WORDLIST:

attribution theory – теория атрибуции

tendency to overestimate – тенденция переоценивать

underestimate – недооценивать

self-serving bias – эгоцентрическое смещение

negative outcomes – негативные результаты

highly cohesive – сплочённый

strong desire for consensus – сильное стремление к консенсусу

suppression of dissenting opinions – подавление инакомыслия

negative consequences – негативные последствия

cognitive dissonance – когнитивный диссонанс

when they hold two or more contradictory beliefs – когда они придерживаются двух или более противоречивых убеждений

form of prejudice – форма предубеждения

overt – открытый

subtle – тонкий

conformity – конформизм

obedience – послушание

intentional infliction of harm – преднамеренное причинение вреда

selfless concern – бескорыстная забота

fail to capture the complexity – не могут уловить сложность

profound influence – глубокое влияние

entire field of social psychology – вся область социальной психологии

assassination simulation – имитация убийства

Exercise 7

Fill in the gaps with the correct words or phrases from the list below:

profound influence

conformity

self-serving bias

form of prejudice

entire field

suppression of dissenting opinions

cognitive dissonance

1. Elliot Aronson’s book The Social Animal has had a __________ on the field of social psychology.

2. __________ is the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors when explaining our own behavior.

3. __________ is a state of discomfort that people experience when they hold two or more contradictory beliefs.

4. Discrimination is a __________ that involves treating someone negatively based on their perceived membership in a category.

5. __________ is the tendency to change one’s behavior or beliefs in order to fit in with a group.

6. __________ is the suppression of opinions that differ from the majority view within a group.

7. Aronson’s book covers the __________ of social psychology, from attribution theory to aggression.

UNIT 7

The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil by Philip Zimbardo (2007)

Key Ideas:

Evil is not a fixed trait but a fluid state. Anyone can be capable of evil acts under the right circumstances.

Situational factors play a powerful role in shaping behavior. Obedience to authority, group conformity, and dehumanization can all lead to unethical conduct.

Good people can be easily swayed to commit evil acts. Even those who would normally act morally can be influenced by situational pressures.

The path to evil is often paved with good intentions. People may rationalize their evil actions as being for a greater good or as a necessary response to a threatening situation.

It is important to be aware of the situational factors that can lead to evil behavior. By understanding these factors, we can take steps to mitigate their influence.

Promoting ethical conduct in institutions is crucial. Institutions should create clear ethical guidelines, provide training on ethical decision-making, and foster a culture of accountability.

Individuals have a responsibility to resist evil. Even in difficult situations, it is important to maintain one’s moral compass and to speak out against injustice.

Zimbardo argues that the key to preventing evil is to create social and institutional conditions that promote ethical behavior and to empower individuals to resist situational pressures that may lead them to act immorally.

Best Quotes:

«Evil is an extreme but understandable reaction to situations that make it psychologically difficult to resist antisocial behaviors.»

«The greatest danger is that when we see evil, we comfort ourselves with the thought that we are not that kind of person. But it is a false comfort.»

«The path to evil is paved with good intentions.»

Criticism:

Some critics argue that Zimbardo oversimplifies the causes of evil and ignores individual responsibility.

Others question the ethical implications of the Stanford Prison Experiment, which formed the basis for the book’s findings.

Influence:

«The Lucifer Effect» has significantly influenced the fields of psychology, criminology, and social policy. It has led to a greater understanding of how situational factors can influence behavior and the importance of promoting ethical conduct in institutions.

Interesting Facts:

The book’s title refers to the biblical figure Lucifer, an angel who fell from grace and became known as the Devil.

Zimbardo conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment in 1971, which demonstrated how quickly ordinary college students became abusive and unethical when assigned to play the roles of prisoners and guards.

The book has been translated into over 20 languages and sold over 1 million copies worldwide.

WORDLIST:

capable – способный

circumstances – обстоятельства

clear ethical guidelines – четкие этические принципы

comfort ourselves with the thought – утешаем себя мыслью

ethical conduct – этическое поведение

ethical implications – этические последствия

empower individuals – наделить полномочиями отдельных лиц

evil acts – злые поступки

fluid state – текучее состояние

foster a culture of accountability – воспитывать культуру ответственности

group conformity – групповое единообразие

mitigate their influence – смягчить их влияние

necessary response – необходимый ответ

obedience to authority – повиновение авторитету

path – путь

paved with good intentions – вымощенный благими намерениями

resist evil – противостоять злу

responsibility – ответственность

situational pressures – ситуативное давление

speak out against injustice – высказываться против несправедливости

take steps – предпринимать шаги

threatening situation – угрожающая ситуация

unethical conduct – неэтичное поведение

who fell from grace – кто пал с небес