5. Check the acquired knowledge inВ practice.
Metaphysics considers things and phenomena inВ isolation, separately, independently ofВ each other. Metaphysical thought strives for the simple, the unified, and the whole.
All general scientific methods for analysis should be divided into three groups: general logical, theoretical and empirical.general logicalmethods are: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy.
Analysis is aВ research method byВ which the studied phenomenon or process is mentally divided into its constituent elements inВ order toВ study each separately.
Varieties ofВ analysis are classification and periodization.
Synthesis is aВ research method that involves the mental connection ofВ the constituent parts or elements ofВ the object under study, its study as aВ whole.
Methods ofВ analysis and synthesis are interconnected, they are equally used inВ scientific research.
Induction is the movement ofВ thought (cognition) from facts, individual cases toВ aВ general position. Induction leads toВ universal concepts and laws that can be taken as the basis ofВ deduction.
Deduction is the derivation ofВ aВ single, particular from any general position; the movement ofВ thought (cognition) from general statements toВ statements about individual objects or phenomena. Through deductive reasoning, aВ certain thought is В«deducedВ» from other thoughts.
Analogy is aВ way ofВ obtaining knowledge about objects and phenomena based on the fact that they are similar toВ others; reasoning inВ which, from the similarity ofВ the studied objects inВ some features, aВ conclusion is made about their similarity inВ other features.
The methods ofВ the theoretical level include axiomatic, hypothetical, formalization, abstraction, ranking, generalization, ascent from the abstract toВ the concrete, historical, method ofВ system analysis.
InВ scientific research, the method ofВ abstraction is widely used, that is, abstraction from secondary facts inВ order toВ focus on the most important features ofВ the phenomenon under study. For example, when studying the operation ofВ aВ mechanism, aВ calculation scheme is analyzed that displays the main, essential properties ofВ the mechanism. Sometimes, when analyzing phenomena and processes, there is aВ need toВ consider aВ large number ofВ facts (signs). Here it is important toВ be able toВ highlight the main thing. InВ this case, aВ ranking method can be applied, with the help ofВ which everything secondary, which does not significantly affect the phenomenon under consideration, is excluded.
The axiomatic method consists inВ the fact that some statements (axioms, postulates) are accepted without proof and then, according toВ certain logical rules, the rest ofВ the knowledge is derived from them.
InВ some cases, aВ formalization method is used. Its essence lies inВ the fact that the main provisions ofВ processes and phenomena are presented inВ the form ofВ formulas and special symbols. Through operations with formulas ofВ artificial languages, one can obtain new formulas, prove the truth ofВ any proposition. Formalization is the basis for algorithmization and programming, without which the computerization ofВ knowledge and the research process cannot do. The use ofВ symbols and other familiar systems allows you toВ establish patterns between the studied facts.
The hypothetical method is based on the development ofВ aВ hypothesis, aВ scientific assumption containing elements ofВ novelty and originality. AВ hypothesis must more fully and better explain phenomena and processes, be confirmed experimentally, and comply with the general laws ofВ dialectics and natural science. This research method is the main and most common inВ applied sciences.
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