СКР в Германии: мальтузианское движение запущено в 1889 году
СКР во Франции: мальтузианское движение запущено в 1896 году
Выводы. Во второй половине 19-го века одновременно сформировались мальтузианское и феминистическое движения (81, 58), также начало зарождаться евгеническое движение, с окончательным оформлением в начале следующего века. И хотя некоторые пытаются представить дело так, что они шли параллельно и независимо друг от друга (58), в действительности, мальтузианство, феминизм и евгеника тесно переплетены. Несмотря на ряд противоречий по части ущемления прав женщин (насильственные аборты, стерилизации и контрацепция), в деле снижения рождаемости они работали (ют) в прочном союзе (82), поскольку основные их интересы совпадают. Идея «планирования семьи» не может воплотиться без расширения прав женщин, а цель евгеников – ограничение размножения «недостойных». Также мальтузианцы / сокращатели первого этапа представляли собой смесь вольнодумцев, анархистов, воинствующих атеистов, либералов, социалистов, революционеров, защитников прав трудящихся и масонов.
Системы сопротивлялись мальтузианской и контрацептивной перестройке, «реформаторов» наказывали штрафами, десятки пропагандистов были брошены в тюрьмы, а во Франции известно два случая казни на гильотине за производство абортов (2, 83). Так, в 1943 году за выполнение 27-ми внутриутробных убийств отрублена голова Мари-Луиз Жиро.
Наконец, главное – мужчины-мальтузианцы запустили Управляемое снижение рождаемости в начале 19-го века, а затем к ним присоединились сторонники феминизма и евгеники. Позже в 20-м веке союз мужчин-евгеников и феминисток был настолько очевиден, что историк Бетси Хартман назвала их «странные любовники» (84).
***
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