Роберт Сапольски "Биология добра и зла. Как наука объясняет наши поступки"

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Как говорит знаменитый приматолог и нейробиолог Роберт Сапольски, если вы хотите понять поведение человека и природу хорошего или плохого поступка, вам придется разобраться буквально во всем – и в том, что происходило за секунду до него, и в том, что было миллионы лет назад. В книге автор поэтапно – можно сказать, в хронологическом разрезе – и очень подробно рассматривает огромное количество факторов, влияющих на наше поведение. Как работает наш мозг? За что отвечает миндалина, а за что нам стоит благодарить лобную кору? Что «ненавидит» островок? Почему у лондонских таксистов увеличен гиппокамп? Как связаны длины указательного и безымянного пальцев и количество внутриутробного тестостерона? Чем с точки зрения нейробиологии подростки отличаются от детей и взрослых? Бывают ли «чистые» альтруисты? В чем разница между прощением и примирением? Существует ли свобода воли? Как сложные социальные связи влияют на наше поведение и принятие решений? И это лишь малая часть вопросов, рассматриваемых в масштабной работе известного ученого.

date_range Год издания :

foundation Издательство :Альпина Диджитал

person Автор :

workspaces ISBN :978-5-0013-9051-0

child_care Возрастное ограничение : 12

update Дата обновления : 14.06.2023


39

R. Adolphs et al., “The Human Amygdala in Social Judgment,” Nat 393 (1998): 470.

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D. Zald, “The Human Amygdala and the Emotional Evaluation of Sensory Stimuli,” Brain Res Rev 41 (2003): 88; C. Saper, “Animal Behavior: The Nexus of Sex and Violence,” Nat 470 (2011): 179; D. Lin et al., “Functional Identification of an Aggression Locus in Mouse Hypothalamus,” Nat 470 (2011): 221; M. Baxter and E. Murray, “The Amygdala and Reward,” Nat Rev Nsci 3 (2002): 563. А вот другая область исследований – об активирующих миндалину положительных стимулах: S. Aalto et al., “Neuroanatomical Substrate of amusement and Sadness: A PET Activation Study Using Film Stimuli,” Neuroreport 13 (2002): 67–73; T. Uwano et al., “Neuronal Responsiveness to Various Sensory Stimuli, and Associative Learning in the Rat Amygdala,” Nsci 68 (1995): 339; K. Tye and P. Janak, “Amygdala Neurons Differentially Encode Motivation and Reinforcement,” J Nsci 27 (2007): 3937; G. Schoenbaum et al., “Orbitofrontal Cortex and Basolateral Amygdala Encode Expected Outcomes During Learning,” Nat Nsci 1 (1998): 155; I. Aharon et al., “Beautiful Faces Have Variable Reward Value: fMRI and Behavioral Evidence,” Neuron 32 (2001): 537.

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P. Janak and K. Tye, “From Circuits to Behavior in the Amygdala,” Nat 517 (2015): 284.

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J. LeDoux, “Coming to Terms with Fear,” PNAS 111 (2014): 2871; J. LeDoux, “The Amygdala,” Curr Biol 17 (2007): R868; K. Tully et al., “Norepinephrine Enables the Induction of Associative LTP at Thalamo-Amygdala Synapses,” PNAS 104 (2007): 14146.

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T. Rizvi et al., “Connections Between the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala and the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray: Topography and Reciprocity,” J Comp Neurol 303 (1991): 121; E. Kim et al., “Dorsal Periaqueductal Gray-Amygdala Pathway Conveys Both Innate and Learned Fear Responses in Rats,” PNAS 110 (2013): 14795; C.Del-Ben and F. Graeff, “Panic Disorder: Is the PAG Involved?” Neural Plasticity 2009 (2009): 108135; P. Petrovic et al., “Context Dependent Amygdala Deactivation During Pain,” Neuroimage 13 (2001): S457; J. Johnson et al., “Neural Substrates for Expectation-Modulated Fear Learning in the Amygdala and Periaqueductal Gray,” Nat Nsci 13 (2010): 979; W. Yoshida et al., “Uncertainty Increases Pain: Evidence for a Novel Mechanism of Pain Modulation Involving the Periaqueductal Gray,” J Nsci 33 (2013): 5638.

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T. Heatherton, “Neuroscience of Self and Self-Regulation,” Ann Rev of Psych 62 (2011): 363; K. Krendl et al., “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: An fMRI Investigation of the Functional Anatomic Correlates of Stigma,” Soc Nsci 1 (2006): 5; F. Sambataro et al., “Preferential Responses in Amygdala and Insula During Presentation of Facial Contempt and Disgust,” Eur J Nsci 24, (2006): 2355.

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X. Liu et al., “Optogenetic Stimulation of a Hippocampal Engram Activates Fear Memory Recall,” Nat 484 (2012): 381; T. Seidenbecher et al., “Amygdalar and Hippocampal Theta Rhythm Synchronization During Fear Memory Retrieval,” Sci 301 (2003): 846; R. Redondo et al., “Bidirectional Switch of the Valence Associated with a Hippocampal Contextual Memory Engram,” Nat 513 (2014): 426; E. Kirby et al., “Basolateral Amygdala Regulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Fear-Related Activation of Newborn Neurons,” Mol Psychiatry 17 (2012): 527.

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A. Gozzi, “A Neural Switch for Active and Passive Fear,” Neuron 67 (2010): 656.

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G. Aston-Jones and J. Cohen, “Adaptive Gain and the Role of the Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System in Optimal Performance,” J Comp Neurol 493 (2005): 99; M. Carter et al., “Tuning Arousal with Optogenetic Modulation of Locus Coeruleus Neurons,”Nat Nsci 13 (2010): 1526.

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D. Blanchard et al., “Lesions of Structures Showing FOS Expression to Cat Presentation: Effects on Responsivity to a Cat, Cat Odor, and Nonpredator Threat,” Nsci Biobehav Rev 29 (2005): 1243.

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G. Holstege, “Brain Activation During Human Male Ejaculation,” J Nsci 23 (2003): 9185; H. Lee et al., “Scalable Control of Mounting and Attack by Ers1+ Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus,” Nat 509 (2014): 627; D. Anderson, “Optogenetics, Sex, and Violence in the Brain: Implications for Psychiatry,” BP 71 (2012): 1081.

50

K Blair, “Neuroimaging of Psychopathy and Antisocial Behavior: A Targeted Review,” Curr Psychiatry Rep 12 (2010): 76; K. Kiehl, The Psychopath Whisperer: The Nature of Those Without Conscience (Woodland Hills, CA: Crown Books, 2014); M. Koenigs et al., “Investigating the Neural Correlates of Psychopathy: A Critical Review,” Mol Psychiatry 16 (2011): 792.

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Здесь весьма интересные рассуждения об импульсивности лобной коры: J. Dalley et al., “Impulsivity, Compulsivity, and Top-Down Cognitive Control,” Neuron 69 (2011): 680.

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J. Rilling and T. Insel, “The Primate Neocortex in Comparative Perspective Using MRI,” J Hum Evol 37 (1999): 191; R. Barton and C. Venditti, “Human Frontal Lobes Are Not Relatively Large,” PNAS 110 (2013): 9001; Y. Zhang et al., “Accelerated Recruitment of New Brain Development Genes into the Human Genome,” PLoS Biol 9 (2011): e1001179; G. Miller, “New Clues About What Makes the Human Brain Special,” Sci 330 (2010): 1167; K. Semendeferi et al., “Humans and Great Apes Share a Large Frontal Cortex,” Nat Nsci 5 (2002): 272; P. Schoenemann, “Evolution of the Size and Functional Areas of the Human Brain,” Ann Rev of Anthropology 35 (2006): 379.

53

J. Allman et al., “The von Economo Neurons in the Frontoinsular and Anterior Cingulate Cortex,” ANYAS 1225 (2011): 59; C. Butti et al., “Von Economo Neurons: Clinical and Evolutionary Perspectives,” Cortex 49 (2013): 312; H. Evrard et al., “Von Economo Neurons in the Anterior Insula of the Macaque Monkey,” Neuron 74 (2012): 482.

54

E. Miller and J. Cohen, “An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function,” Ann Rev of Nsci 24 (2001): 167.

55

V. Mante et al., “Context-Dependent Computation by Recurrent Dynamics in Prefrontal Cortex,” Nat 503 (2013): 78. Вот еще несколько публикаций, где обсуждается вовлечение лобной коры, когда требуется переключиться на другую задачу: S. Bunge, “How We Use Rules to Select Actions: A Review of Evidence from Cognitive Neuroscience,” SCAN 4 (2004): 564; E. Crone et al., “Evidence for Separable Neural Processes Underlying Flexible Rule Use,” Cerebral Cortex 16 (2005): 475; R. Passingham et al., “Specialisation Within the Prefrontal Cortex: The Ventral Prefrontal Cortex and Associative Learning,” Exp Brain Res 133 (2000): 103; D. Liu et al., “Medial Prefrontal Activity During Delay Period Contributes to Learning of a Working Memory Task,” Sci 346 (2014): 458.

56

J. Baldo et al., “Memory Performance on the California Verbal Learning Test-II: Findings from Patients with Focal Frontal Lesions,” J the Int Neuropsychological Soc 8 (2002): 539.

57

D. Freedman, “Categorical Representation of Visual Stimuli in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex,” Sci 291 (2001): 312. Еще примеры кодировки разных категорий: D. McNamee et al., “Category-Dependent and Category-Independent Goal-Value Codes in Human Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex,” Nat Nsci 16 (2013): 479. R. Schmidt et al., “Canceling Actions Involves a Race Between Basal Ganglia Pathways,” Nat Nsci 16 (2013): 1118.

58

M. Histed et al., “Learning Subtracts in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum: Sustained Activity Related to Successful Actions,” Neuron 63 (2004): 244. Вот еще несколько хороших примеров того, как лобная кора продолжает придерживаться выбранной линии: D. Crowe et al., “Prefrontal Neurons Transmit Signals to Parietal Neurons That Reflect Executive Control of Cognition,” Nat Nsci 16 (2013): 1484.

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M. Rigotti et al., “The Importance of Mixed Selectivity in Complex Cognitive Tasks,” Nat 497 (2013): 585; J. Cromer et al., “Representation of Multiple, Independent Categories in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex,” Neuron 66 (2010): 796; M. Cole et al., “Global Connectivity of Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Cognitive Control and Intelligence,” J Nsci 32 (2012): 8988.

60

L. Grossman et al., “Accelerated Evolution of the Electron Transport Chain in Anthropoid Primates,” Trends in Genetics 20 (2004): 578.

61

J. W. De Fockert et al., “The Role of Working Memory in Visual Selective Attention,” Sci 291 (2001): 1803; K. Vohs et al., “Making Choices Impairs Subsequent Self-Control: A Limited-Resource Account of Decision Making, Self-Regulation, and Active Initiative,” JPSP 94 (2008): 883; K. Watanabe and S. Funahashi, “Neural Mechanisms of Dual-Task Interference and Cognitive Capacity Limitation in the Prefrontal Cortex,” Nat Nsci 17 (2014): 601.

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N. Meand et al., “Too Tired to Tell the Truth: Self-Control Resource Depletion and Dishonesty,” JESP 45 (2009): 594; M. Hagger et al., “Ego Depletion and the Strength Model of Self-Control: A Meta-analysis,” Psych Bull 136 (2010): 495; C. DeWall et al., “Depletion Makes the Heart Grow Less Helpful: Helping as a Function of Self-Regulatory Energy and Genetic Relatedness,” PSPB 34 (2008): 1653; W. Hofmann et al., “And Deplete Us Not into Temptation: Automatic Attitudes, Dietary Restraint, and Self-Regulatory Resources as Determinants of Eating Behavior,” JESP 43 (2007): 497.

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К сноске: M. Inzlicht and S. Marcora, “The Central Governor Model of Exercise Regulation Teaches Us Precious Little About the Nature of Mental Fatigue and Self-Control Failure,” Front Psych 7 (2016): 656.

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