17
Цит. по: Гегель Г.В.Ф. Лекции по философии истории / Пер. А. М. Водена. СПб.: Наука, 2000. С. 420.
18
Vorlesungen ?ber die Philosophie der Geschichte.
19
L. von Ranke. Fragment Uber Luther 1817 // L. von Ranke, Aus Werk und Nachlass: Fruhe Schriften III. W. P. Fuchs (ed.). Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1973; L. von Ranke. German History in the Age of the Reformation, 6 vols. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1839–1847; A. G. Dickens. Ranke as a Reformation Historian. Reading: University of Reading, 1980; C. Hinrichs. Ranke’s Lutherfragment von 1817 und der Ursprung seiner univeralhistorischen Anschauung // Festschrift f?r Gerhard Ritter zu seinem 60. Geburtstag. Richard N?rnberger (ed.). T?bingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1950, pp. 299–321; G. Berg. Leopold von Ranke als akademischer Lehrer: Studien zu seinen Vorlesungen und seinem Geschichtsdenken. G?ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1968, pp. 109–113; C. Hinrichs. Ranke und die Geschichtstheologie der Goethezeit. G?ttingen: Musterschmidt Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1954; L. von Ranke. Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation // L. von Ranke, S?mmtliche Werke, vols 1–6. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1867–1890.
20
K. Kupisch. Von Luther zu Bismarck: Zur Kritik einer historischen Idee: Heinrich von Treitschke. Berlin: Verlag Haus & Schule, 1949; S. M. Landry. That All May Be One? Church Unity and the German National Idea, 1866–1883 // Church History 80, no. 2 (2011): 281–301; H. von Treitschke. Luther und die deutsche Nation // H. von Treitschke, Historische und politische Aufs?tze, vol. 4. Berlin: S. Hirzel, 1897, pp. 378–394; T. Nipperdey. Luther und die Bildung der Deutschen // Luther und die Folgen: Beitr?ge zur sozialgeschichtlichen Bedeutung der lutherischen Reformation, (ed.). H. L?we and C.-J. Roepke. Munich: Chr. Kaiser, 1983, p. 27.
21
Справедливости ради нужно отметить, что термин «свободный дух» (der freie Geist) не принадлежит исключительно Ранке – это одно из понятий философии Гегеля; см. § 481–482 его «Энциклопедии философских наук». Русский перевод: Гегель Г.В.Ф. Энциклопедия философских наук. Т. 3. Философия духа / Отв. ред. Е. П. Ситковский. М.: Мысль, 1977 (Философское наследие). С. 323–324.
22
G. Ritter, H. Bornkamm and O. Scheel. Zur Neugestaltung unserer Zeitschrift’, Archiv f?r Reformationsgeschichte 35 (1938): 1–7.
23
Эта мысль отнюдь не нова: предшественники Лютера – Джон Виклиф в Англии, Ян Гус в Чехии, гуманисты в Нидерландах – формировали критическое отношение к католической церкви. Обвинение Лютера в повторении «ереси» Гуса и Виклифа озвучил еще на диспуте в Лейпциге папский посланник Экк в 1519 г. Требование узнать «проповедь Христа из самого источника», то есть Евангелия, озвучил Эразм Роттердамский. См., напр.: Виппер Р. Учебник новой истории с историческими картами. М.: Типолитография Т-ва И. Н. Кушнерев и Ко, 1906. С. 27, 32.
24
Автор книги «Европейские Реформации», впервые вышедшей в 1996 г. См.: Lindberg C. The European Reformations. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 1996.
25
Истоки этого подхода хорошо видны в кн.: H. Oberman. The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963; Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2001; H. Oberman. Dawn of the Reformation: Essays in Late Medieval and Early Reformation Thought. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1986; H. Oberman. The Reformation: Roots and Ramifications. Trans. A. C. Gow. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1993; H. Oberman (ed.). Forerunners of the Reformation: The Shape of Late Medieval Thought. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981; R. J. Bast and A.C. Gow (eds.). Continuity and Change: The Harvest of Late Medieval and Reformation History: Essays Presented to Heiko A. Oberman on His 70th Birthday. Leiden: Brill, 2000; S. Ozment (ed.). The Reformation in Medieval Perspective. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971; S. Ozment. The Age of Reform, 1250–1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980, 1981. См. также: P. Blickle. Die Gemeindereformation: Die Menschen des 16. Jahrhunderts auf dem Weg zum Heil. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1987; B. Moeller. Die Reformation und das Mittelalter. Kirchenhistorische Aufs?tze [The Reformation and the Middle Ages: Essays in Church History]. G?ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991; B. Hamm. Wie innovativ war die Reformation? // Zeitschrift f?r Historische Forschung 27 (2000): 481–497; A. Levi. Renaissance and Reformation: The Intellectual Genesis. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
26
H. Schilling. Konfessionskonflikt und Staatsbildung. G?tersloh, Germany: G?tersloher Verlagshaus, 1981; W. Reinhard. Konfession und Konfessionalisierung in Europa // Bekenntnis und Geschichte: die Confessio Augustana im historischen Zusammenhang. W. Reinhard (ed.). Munich: Verlag Ernst V?gel, 1981, pp. 165–189; H. Schilling. Confessionalization: Historical and Scholarly Perspectives of a Comparative and Interdisciplinary Paradigm // Confessionalization in Europe, 1555–1700: Essays in Honor and Memory of Bodo Nischan. J. M. Headley, H. J. Hillerbrand and A. J. Papalas (ed.). Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004; W. Reinhard. Reformation, Counter-Reformation, and The Early Modern State a Reassessment // Catholic Historical Review 75, no. 3 (July 1989): 383; Ср.: T. A. Brady, Jr. Confessionalization: The Career of a Concept // Confessionalization in Europe, 1555–1700: Essays in Honor and Memory of Bodo Nischan. J. M. Headley, H. J. Hillerbrand and A. J. Papalas (ed.). Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004, pp. 1–20. Обобщение см. также: J. F. Harrington and H. W. Smith. Confessionalization, Community, and State-Building in Germany, 1555–1870 // Journal of Modern History 69 (1997): 77–101.
27
R. Po-Chia Hsia. Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe, 1550–1750. London: Routledge, 1989; E. Rummel. The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000; C. S. Dixon. The Reformation and Rural Society: The Parishes of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; B. Kaplan. Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007; J. Spohnholz. Multiconfessional Celebration of the Eucharist in Sixteenth-Century Wesel // Sixteenth Century Journal 39, no. 3 (2008); U. Lotz-Heumann and M. Pohlig. Confessionalization and Literature in the Empire, 1555–1700 // Central European History 40 (2007); C. S. Dixon, C. Scott, D. Freist and M. Greengrass (eds.). Living with Religious Diversity in Early Modern Europe. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009; O. P. Grell and R. Scribner (eds.). Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; B. Kaplan, R. Moore, H. van Nierop and J. Pollmann (eds.). Catholic Communities in Protestant States: Britain and the Netherlands, c. 1570–1720. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009; C. J. Nederman and J. C. Laursen (eds.). Difference and Dissent: Theories of Tolerance in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996); L. Racault and A. Ryrie (eds.). Moderate Voices in the European Reformation. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005; A. Walsham. Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England, 1500–1700. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006).
28
M. Wiesner-Hanks. Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice. New York: Routledge, 2000; S. C. Karant-Nunn and M.E. Wiesner-Hanks (eds.). Luther on Women: A Sourcebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; L. Roper. The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989; L. Roper. Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Religion and Sexuality in Early Modern Europe. London: Routledge, 2013; K. I. Stjerna. Women and the Reformation. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009; M. Plummer. Priest’s Whore to Pastor’s Wife: Clerical Marriage and the Process of Reform in the Early German Reformation, St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012; S. Ozment. When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.
29
Выражение «сборище сатанинское» встречается в Откровении Иоанна Богослова (Откр. 2:9; 3:9), но в английском языке оно передается выражением «synagogue of Satan» (???????? ??? ??????), что отсылает к иудаизму и звучит более оскорбительно для англоязычного уха, чем русский перевод.
30
K. Firth. The Apocalyptic Tradition in Reformation Britain 1530–1645. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979; R. Bauckham. Tudor Apocalypse: Sixteenth Century Apocalypticism, Millenarianism, and the English Reformation from John Bale to John Foxe and Thomas Brightman, Courtenay Library of Reformation Classics, vol. 8. Oxford: Sutton Courtenay Press, 1978. О природе средневековых пророчеств об Антихристе и влиянии таких пророчеств см.: Bauckham. Tudor Apocalypse, pp. 10–33; Firth. The Apocalyptic Tradition, pp. 1–15; M. Reeves. History and Eschatology: Mediaeval and Early Protestant Thought in Some English and Scottish Writings // Medievalia et Humanistica, New Series, 4 (1973): 99–123.
31
R. W. Scribner. For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981; M. Edwards. Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994; L. Febvre and H.-J. Martin. L’apparition du livre. Paris: A. Michel, 1958; L. Febvre and H.-J. Martin. The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing, 1450–1800, 3rd (ed.). London: Verso, 2000; K. Hruza (ed.). Propaganda, Kommunikation und ?ffentlichkeit (11.–16. Jahrhundert). Vienna: Verlag der ?sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2002; P. A. Russell. Lay Theology in the Reformation: Popular Pamphleteers in Southwest Germany, 1521–1525. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; A. Pettegree. Reformation and the Culture of Persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005; E. L. Eisenstein. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979; E. L. Eisenstein. An Unacknowledged Revolution Revisited // American Historical Review 107, no. 1 (2002): 87–105; E. L. Eisenstein. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, 2nd (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005; J. Schwitalla. Deutsche Flugschriften, 1460–1525: Textortengeschichtliche Studien. T?bingen: Niemeyer, 1983; L. Roper and J. Spinks. Karlstadt’s Wagen: The First Visual Propaganda for the Reformation // Art History: Journal of the Association of Art Historians 40, no. 2 (April 2017): 256–285.
32
M. Milner. The Senses and the English Reformation. London: Routledge, 2011; W. de Boer and C. G?ttler (eds.). Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe. Leiden: Brill, 2012; J. M. Frymire. The Primacy of the Postils: Catholics, Protestants, and the Dissemination of Ideas in Early Modern Germany. Leiden: Brill, 2010; C. Brown. Singing the Gospel: Lutheran Hymns and the Success of the Reformation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005; L. Taylor (ed.). Preachers and People in the Reformations and Early Modern Period. Boston: Brill Academic, 2003; R. W. Oettinger. Music as Propaganda in the German Reformation. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001; A. Walsham. The Reformation of the Landscape: Religion, Identity and Memory in Early Modern Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011; A. Walsham. Recording Superstition in Early Modern Britain: The Origins of Folklore // The Religion of Fools? Superstition Past and Present, Past and Present Supplement 3. S. A. Smith and A. Knight (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 178–206; A. Walsham. Like Fragments of a Shipwreck: Printed Images and Religious Antiquarianism in Early Modern England // Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation. M. Hunter (ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010, pp. 87–109; A. Walsham. History, Memory and the English Reformation // Historical Journal 55 (2012): 899–938.
33
A. Walsham. Domesticating the Reformation: Material Culture, Memory and Confessional Identity in Early Modern England // Renaissance Quarterly 69 (2016): 566–616; C. C. Christensen. Art and the Reformation in Germany. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1979; J. Dillenberger. Images and Relics: Theological Perceptions and Visual Images in Sixteenth-Century Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999; A. Walsham. Migrations of the Holy: Religious Change in Medieval and Early Modern Europe // Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 44 (2014): 241–280; J. L. Koerner. The Reformation of the Image. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004; B. Heal. The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany: Protestant and Catholic Piety, 1500–1648. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
34
R. W. Scribner. Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany. London: Hambledon, 1987; K. Thomas. Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971; C. S. Dixon, D. Freist and M. Greengrass (eds.). Living with Religious Diversity in Early Modern Europe. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009; D. Mayes. Communal Christianity: The Life and Loss of a Peasant Vision in Early Modern Germany. Leiden: Brill, 2004; W. Coster and A. Spicer (eds.). Sacred Space in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005; M. Todd. The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
35
Доступное изложение перехода от церковной к религиозной истории можно найти в статье: D. Shaw. What is religious history? // History Today 38, no. 8 (1985).
36
R. J. Bast. The Reformation of Faith in the Context of Late Medieval Theology and Piety. Leiden: Brill, 2004; A. E. McGrath. The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987; S. Ozment. The Age of Reform, 1250–1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981.
37
D. Bagchi and D. Steinmetz (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 4–5.
38
F. Capon. Newsweek, 12 February 2015. URL: http://www.newsweek.com/martin-luther-playmobil-toy-sells-out-germany-following-recordbreaking-demand?306329.
39
E. Iserloh. The Theses were not Posted: Luther Between Reform and Reformation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.
40
Ibid., pp. 66–73.
41
Та же лексика используется в рассуждениях Брэда Грегори о воздействии протестантизма: B. Gregory. The Unintended Reformation. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.
